- (Exam Topic 2)
Windows LAN Manager (LM) hashes are known to be weak.
Which of the following are known weaknesses of LM? (Choose three.)
Correct Answer:
ABD
- (Exam Topic 2)
Bob, your senior colleague, has sent you a mail regarding a deal with one of the clients. You are requested to accept the offer and you oblige. After 2 days. Bob denies that he had ever sent a mail. What do you want to ""know"" to prove yourself that it was Bob who had send a mail?
Correct Answer:
D
Non-repudiation is the assurance that someone cannot deny the validity of something. Non-repudiation is a legal concept that is widely used in information security and refers to a service, which provides proof of the origin of data and the integrity of the data. In other words, non-repudiation makes it very difficult to successfully deny who/where a message came from as well as the authenticity and integrity of that message.
- (Exam Topic 3)
You want to do an ICMP scan on a remote computer using hping2. What is the proper syntax?
Correct Answer:
D
http://www.carnal0wnage.com/papers/LSO-Hping2-Basics.pdf
Most ping programs use ICMP echo requests and wait for echo replies to come back to test connectivity. Hping2 allows us to do the same testing using any IP packet, including ICMP, UDP, and TCP. This can be helpful since nowadays most firewalls or routers block ICMP. Hping2, by default, will use TCP, but, if you still want to send an ICMP scan, you can. We send ICMP scans using the -1 (one) mode. Basically the syntax will be hping2 -1 IPADDRESS
[root@localhost hping2-rc3]# hping2 -1 192.168.0.100 HPING 192.168.0.100 (eth0 192.168.0.100): icmp mode set, 28 headers + 0 data bytes len=46 ip=192.168.0.100 ttl=128 id=27118 icmp_seq=0 rtt=14.9 ms len=46 ip=192.168.0.100 ttl=128 id=27119 icmp_seq=1 rtt=0.5 ms len=46 ip=192.168.0.100 ttl=128 id=27120 icmp_seq=2 rtt=0.5 ms len=46 ip=192.168.0.100 ttl=128 id=27121 icmp_seq=3 rtt=1.5 ms len=46 ip=192.168.0.100 ttl=128 id=27122 icmp_seq=4 rtt=0.9 ms — 192.168.0.100 hping statistic — 5 packets tramitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.5/3.7/14.9 ms [root@localhost hping2-rc3]#
- (Exam Topic 1)
Eve is spending her day scanning the library computers. She notices that Alice is using a computer whose port 445 is active and listening. Eve uses the ENUM tool to enumerate Alice machine. From the command prompt, she types the following command.
What is Eve trying to do?
Correct Answer:
C
- (Exam Topic 3)
John, a professional hacker, decided to use DNS to perform data exfiltration on a target network, in this process, he embedded malicious data into the DNS protocol packets that even DNSSEC cannot detect. Using this technique. John successfully injected malware to bypass a firewall and maintained communication with the victim machine and C&C server. What is the technique employed by John to bypass the firewall?
Correct Answer:
C
DNS tunneling may be a method wont to send data over the DNS protocol, a protocol which has never been intended for data transfer. due to that, people tend to overlook it and it’s become a well-liked but effective tool in many attacks.Most popular use case for DNS tunneling is obtaining free internet through bypassing captive portals at airports, hotels, or if you are feeling patient the not-so-cheap on the wing Wi-Fi.On those shared internet hotspots HTTP traffic is blocked until a username/password is provided, however DNS traffic is usually still allowed within the background: we will encode our HTTP traffic over DNS and voilà, we’ve internet access.This sounds fun but reality is, browsing anything on DNS tunneling is slow. Like, back to 1998 slow.Another more dangerous use of DNS tunneling would be bypassing network security devices (Firewalls, DLP appliances…) to line up an immediate and unmonitored communications channel on an organisation’s network. Possibilities here are endless: Data exfiltration, fixing another penetration testing tool… you name it.To make it even more worrying, there’s an outsized amount of easy to use DNS tunneling tools out there.There’s even a minimum of one VPN over DNS protocol provider (warning: the planning of the web site is hideous, making me doubt on the legitimacy of it).As a pentester all this is often great, as a network admin not such a lot .
How does it work:For those that ignoramus about DNS protocol but still made it here, i feel you deserve a really brief explanation on what DNS does: DNS is sort of a phonebook for the web , it translates URLs (human-friendly language, the person’s name), into an IP address (machine-friendly language, the phone number). That helps us remember many websites, same as we will remember many people’s names.For those that know what DNS is i might suggest looking here for a fast refresh on DNS protocol, but briefly what you would like to understand is:• A Record: Maps a website name to an IP address.example.com ? 12.34.52.67• NS Record (a.k.a. Nameserver record): Maps a website name to an inventory of DNS servers, just in case our website is hosted in multiple servers.example.com ? server1.example.com, server2.example.comWho is involved in DNS tunneling?• Client. Will launch DNS requests with data in them to a website .• One Domain that we will configure. So DNS servers will redirect its requests to an outlined server of our own.• Server. this is often the defined nameserver which can ultimately receive the DNS requests.The 6 Steps in DNS tunneling (simplified):1. The client encodes data during a DNS request. The way it does this is often by prepending a bit of knowledge within the domain of the request. for instance : mypieceofdata.server1.example.com2. The DNS request goes bent a DNS server.3. The DNS server finds out the A register of your domain with the IP address of your server.4. The request for mypieceofdata.server1.example.com is forwarded to the server.5. The server processes regardless of the mypieceofdata was alleged to do. Let’s assume it had been an HTTP request.6. The server replies back over DNS and woop woop, we’ve got signal.
Bypassing Firewalls through the DNS Tunneling Method DNS operates using UDP, and it has a 255-byte limit on outbound queries. Moreover, it allows only alphanumeric characters and hyphens. Such small size constraints on external queries allow DNS to be used as an ideal choice to perform data exfiltration by various malicious entities. Since corrupt or malicious data can be secretly embedded into the DNS protocol packets, even DNSSEC cannot detect the abnormality in DNS tunneling. It is effectively used by malware to bypass the firewall to maintain communication between the victim machine and the C&C
server. Tools such as NSTX (https://sourceforge.net), Heyoka (http://heyoka.sourceforge.netuse), and Iodine (https://code.kryo.se) use this technique of tunneling traffic across DNS port 53. CEH v11 Module 12 Page 994
